Typhoid Fever

Typhoid Fever

is a disease caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica, especially derivatives such as Salmonella Typhi. The disease can be found all over the world, and is spread through food and beverages that have been contaminated by faeces.

symptoms

Usually symptoms begin gradually in 8-14 days after infection.

Symptoms can include fever, headache, joint pain, sore throat, constipation, decreased appetite and abdominal pain.

Sometimes patients feel pain when urinating and there was coughing and bleeding from the nose.

If treatment is not started, then the body temperature will slowly rise in the next 2-3 days, reaching 39.4 to 40? Celsius for 10-14 days. The heat began to decline gradually at the end of the third week and returned to normal in the fourth week.

Fever is often accompanied by a slow heartbeat and fatigue.

In severe cases delirium can occur, (decreased ability to concentrate and be in a daze), stupor (Decrease consciousness overnight) or commas.

In approximately 10% of patients arise a group of small spots of pink on the chest and abdomen during the second week and lasted for 2-5 days.

COMPLICATIONS

Most patients experienced complete healing, but complications can occur, especially in patients with untreated or if treated too late:

- Many patients experiencing intestinal bleeding; approximately 2% experienced severe bleeding.

Usually bleeding occurs in the third week.

- Intestinal perforation occurs in 1-2% of patients and causes severe abdominal pain due to intestinal contents peritonitis.

- Pneumonia can occur in second or third week and usually occur due to pneumococcal infection (although the typhoid bacterium can also cause pneumonia).

- Infection of the bladder and liver.

- Blood infection (bacteraemia) sometimes cause bone infections (osteomyelitis), infection of heart valves (endocarditis), infection of the lining of the brain (meningitis), infection of the kidney (glomerulitis) or urinary-genital tract infections.

In approximately 10% of untreated cases, the symptoms of early re-infection occur within two weeks after the fever subsided.

Factor

caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica, especially derivatives such as Salmonella Typhi primarily affects the digestive tract.

Treatment

A. Medical

1. Choice of antibiotics that can be used:

a. Chloramphenicol (drug of choice)

b. Amoxicillin

c. Cotrimoxazole

d. Ceftriaxone

e. Cefixime

2. Antipyretic

Given when a fever> 39 º C. Can be given sooner if there is a history of febrile seizures.

3. Corticosteroids

given in severe cases accompanied by disturbances of consciousness. Dexamethasone 1-3 mg / kg body weight / day, intravenously, divided into three doses, to improve awareness.

4. Surgery

Required if there is bowel perforation.

B. Nonfarmakologis:

rest, soft foods low in fiber

Preventive

Preventive measures are as follows:

1. Provision of drinking water that meets the requirements

2. Disposing of human waste are in place

3. Fly eradication

4. Supervision on restaurants and food sellers.

5. Immunization using oral vaccines and vaccine injections (antigen Vi Polysaccharida capular)

6. Finding and watching people with germs (carrier)